Using the Stoic 500 for vocabulary, 

THE STOIC 500: COMPLETE PHILOSOPHICAL LEXICON

convert the following Sterling document 

Making correct use of impressions, training and character development

to a Stoic document with practical value.

Claude

I'll convert Sterling's document into a practical Stoic guide using the Stoic 500 vocabulary. This is a perfect application of the lexicon.

---

PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HANDLING IMPRESSIONS

Sterling's Core Teaching Translated Using the Stoic 500

---

THE BASIC COGNITIVE SEQUENCE

I receive **Phantasiai (Impressions, 1)**. For now, let us take these as being outside our control. These impressions are cognitive and propositional—they are not uninterpreted raw data, but rather ideas that claim reality is a certain way.

I do not see a collection of colors and patterns—I "see" my backpack sitting on the chair in front of my desk. Some impressions possess **Event-Neutrality (404)**—there is nothing good or bad about my backpack being on my chair.

But other impressions contain **Value-Detection (66)** challenges. Suppose I remember leaving my backpack on the floor when I left—I might now have the impression: "my backpack is on my chair, which means someone has intruded on my office, which is a very bad thing!"

This impression smuggles in an **External-Illusion (30)**—the false appearance that an **External-Event (26)** (someone entering my office) is evil.

---

THE POWER OF ASSENT

As I said, for the time being we assume these impressions are not in our control. But what *is* within the **Internal-Domain (21)** is how we react to them.

We exercise **Prohairesis (7)**—we can grant **Sunkatathesis (Assent, 2)**, or withhold it. That is, we can accept that a given impression is true, or reject it as unproven or false.

A few minutes ago, I granted **Correct-Assent (91)** to the impression that my backpack was on the chair. I didn't have to, but I did.

The process of assenting is cognitive (occurring in the **Hēgemonikon/ruling faculty**), but very seldom explicit. My acceptance was so simple and momentary that it seems things passed directly from impression to belief. But that isn't how it works.

I *could* apply **Rational-Pause (71)** and **Cognitive-Suspension (72)** even now—really committed skeptics might be able to do this in ordinary cases—I just don't.

---

THE CONSEQUENCES OF ASSENT

If I apply **Assent-Withholding (87)**, refusing to assent to an impression, nothing happens. No emotion, no action, nothing.

If I give **Incorrect-Assent (92)** to an impression with a value component, then **Hormē (Impulse, 3)** will result. I will experience **Orexis (Desire, 4)** that the "good" thing happen, or **Ekklisis (Aversion, 5)** that the "bad" thing not happen.

If the impression says this outcome has *already* occurred, then a **Pathos (passion/irrational emotion)** will result—in the example above, likely anger or fear. These are positive feelings if the impression depicted something good, negative feelings if "bad."

This may lead to another impression. Assenting to it will lead to action. For example, I might have the further thought: "It would be good for me to go find out who has been in my office." If I assent to this idea, then I will stalk angrily down the hall to demand an explanation.

---

THE CENTRAL PRINCIPLE

All of this sounds complicated, but it reduces to this:

Everything in the Stoic system comes down to assent to impressions.

Choosing whether to grant **Sunkatathesis (2)** is the only thing in our control...and yet, everything critical to leading the best possible life is contained in that one act.

All our desires, emotions, and actions are tied to assenting to impressions.

- If I achieve **Impression-Mastery (94)**, getting my assents right, then I have guaranteed **Eudaimonia (flourishing/Telos-Achievement, 471)**.

- If I grant even one **Incorrect-Assent (92)**, I cannot have eudaimonia.

---

INDIRECT CONTROL OVER IMPRESSIONS

I said we would assume original impressions are not in our control. Directly, that's true. But indirectly, it isn't, for two reasons:

A) Character Formation Through Repeated Assent

Our impressions are closely connected to Ēthos (Character, Tier 7) 

Through **Training-Repetition (363)** and **Assent-Habit (93)**:

- If you reject an impression, that type becomes less common and weaker

- If you assent to it, it becomes more common and stronger

If it seems to me that it would be good to punch someone for insulting me, and I assent, then it becomes more likely that the next time something annoys me it will seem I should lash out, and that 'seeming' will be more compelling.

If I apply **Assent-Withholding (87)**, if I tell myself "hitting them won't solve my problems," then I will have fewer "I should punch someone" impressions, and they will be weaker (more easily resisted through **Error-Interruption (377)**).

So by being careful with our acts of assent (which are within the **Internal-Domain (21)**), the impressions we receive will be altered over time through **Character-Formation (Tier 7)**.

This is a long process involving **Training-Endurance (365)**, but is critical—this is building **Virtue-Directed Character**. 

The **Sophos (Sage, 468-469)** is simply someone who has controlled their assents through **Daily-Mastery (398)** for such a long period that they no longer receive false **External-Illusion (30)** impressions (that externals are good or bad) in the first place. They have achieved **Prohairesis-Perfection (470)**.

---

B) Formulating Alternative Impressions**

While our impressions are not in our control, we have the ability (suggested in examples above) to formulate new ideas through **Deliberation (12)**.

I receive the impression: "Someone has been in my office—that's a very bad thing."

If I manage to apply **Assent-Withholding (87)**, I can choose to formulate an alternative impression through **Rational-Refinement (80)**:

**"It seems someone has been in my office, but that is an External-Event (26), therefore an External-Indifferent (28)—neither good nor bad."**

This proposition demonstrates **Domain-Clarity (49)** and I can correctly grant **Correct-Assent (91)** to it.

I receive the impression: "I should punch this guy in the nose."

If I reject it through **Error-Interruption (377)**, I can formulate some alternative idea through **Counter-Image-Check (75)**.

One of my favorite passages in Epictetus suggests: if you hear someone has been criticizing you, don't try to defend yourself, but instead say: "Obviously he doesn't know my other faults, or he wouldn't have mentioned these."

I wonder how much gossip and feuds would have been prevented if people reacted like that—maintaining **Internal-Sovereignty (423)** and **External-Indifference (52)**.

---

THE PRACTICAL PROGRAM

What we should be striving for through **Training-Preparation (360)** and **Morning-Preparation (371)**:

A) Refuse False Value-Impressions

**Don't assent to impressions that depict externals as either good or evil.**

Apply the **Internal-External-Test (68)**:

- Does this impression attribute value to something outside **Prohairesis (7)**?

- If yes: apply **Assent-Withholding (87)**

This maintains **Domain-Clarity (49)** and prevents **External-Dependency (36)**.

---

B) Refuse Immoral Response-Impressions

**If we fail 'A', don't assent to subsequent impressions that depict immoral responses as appropriate.**

Even if you've granted **Incorrect-Assent (92)** to an external-value claim, you can still apply **Error-Interruption (377)** before acting.

The impression "I should retaliate" can be caught through **Vigilance-Intensity (382)** and rejected through **Error-Correction (378)**.

---

C) Consciously Formulate True Value-Propositions

**Consciously formulate true propositions regarding the External-Indifference (52) of external things.**

Through **Event-Forecasting (373)** and **Obstacle-Preacceptance (374)**, do this in advance.

**Remind yourself through Morning-Preparation (371):**

- Your own life and health are **Preferred-Indifferents**—neither good nor evil

- The lives and health of those around you are **External-Events (26)**

- Your job, reputation, possessions are all **External-Indifferents (28)**

**Whether or not you have done so in advance, try to do so at the time:**

*"I have pictures here of your wife having sex with another man."*

**Apply Neutral-Observation (63) and Rational-Pause (71):**

'My wife's actions are not in my control—they belong to the **External-Domain (22)**. They are neither good nor evil. My happiness is in my control, not enslaved to the actions of others. I maintain **Internal-Freedom (20)** and **Self-Sufficiency (37)**.'

---

D) Consciously Formulate True Action-Propositions

**Consciously formulate true action propositions demonstrating Kathēkon (appropriate action).**

*"I should report truthfully to my boss regarding sales numbers: truth-telling expresses **Wisdom (Sophia)** and **Justice (Dikaiosunē)**, and I have a duty to act faithfully at work. If my boss fires me, I should remember that my job is an **External-Indifferent (28)**, neither good nor evil."*

By paying attention to **Preferred-Indifferents (Tier 6)** and to the duties connected with various roles in life, I can recognize what would actually demonstrate **Virtue (Tier 8)** in each situation through **Deliberation (12)**.

Bring this consciously to mind through **Prosochē (Attention, 10)**, and grant **Correct-Assent (91)**.

---

E) Acknowledge Correct Actions

**When you act correctly, assent to the proposition that you have done a good thing—then you will experience Eupatheia (rational good feeling), particularly Chara (joy).**

This is recognizing that you have achieved **Internal-Good (27)**—virtue expressed in action.

Even if you are still a **Prokoptōn (progressor)** rather than a **Sophos (Sage)**, acknowledge your **Katorthōma (right action)** or **Kathēkon (appropriate action)**.

---

F) Character Transformation Over Time

**Over time through Training-Repetition (363) and Daily-Mastery (398), my Ēthos (Character) will change such that:**

- I no longer have the false value impressions from 'A' and 'B'

- Steps 'C', 'D', and 'E' become routine through **Assent-Habit (93)**

- I achieve **Character-Stability** and approach **Virtue-Directed Character**

**This is Eudaimonia (Telos-Achievement, 471)**—**Eupatheiai (good feelings)** combined with **virtuous actions**.

This represents **Prohairesis-Perfection (470)**, the perfected state of the ruling faculty operating with complete rational consistency.

---

DAILY APPLICATION

Through **Morning-Preparation (371)** each day:

1. **Event-Forecasting (373)** - Anticipate likely impressions

2. **Obstacle-Preacceptance (374)** - Pre-accept that challenging impressions will arise

3. **Vigilance-Recognition (380)** - Commit to watching for false value-claims

Throughout the day:

1. **Prosochē (Attention, 10)** - Notice impressions as they arise

2. **Value-Detection (66)** - Identify hidden value-claims

3. **Internal-External-Test (68)** - Apply the fundamental criterion

4. **Rational-Pause (71)** - Create space for examination

5. **Correct-Assent (91)** or **Assent-Withholding (87)** - Choose wisely

Through **Evening-Review (372)**:

1. **Examination-Depth (368)** - Review the day's assents

2. **Error-Integration (379)** - Learn from mistakes

3. **Practice-Completion (400)** - Close the day with satisfaction

This is the path to **Impression-Mastery (94)** and ultimately **Telos-Achievement (471)**.

---

END OF PRACTICAL GUIDE

This document translates Sterling's core teaching into the precise vocabulary of the Stoic 500, making his insights immediately applicable through the systematic framework.

3. CROSS-REFERENCE GUIDE

## **3. CROSS-REFERENCE GUIDE**

**Logical Dependencies and Connections Between Terms**

### **ARCHITECTURE OF THE GUIDE**

This guide shows:

1. **Foundational Dependencies** - Which terms must be understood before others

2. **Functional Clusters** - Terms that work together as operational units

3. **Tier-to-Tier Connections** - How concepts flow through the system

4. **Critical Pathways** - Essential sequences for understanding practice

---

### **A. FOUNDATIONAL DEPENDENCIES**

**Terms That Ground Other Terms**

#### **Tier 10 → All Other Tiers**

The metaphysical foundation supports everything:

**401. Substance-Dualism** →

- Enables: 33 (Internal-External-Distinction), 402 (Mind-Body-Distinction), 458 (World-Self-Division)

- Grounds: The entire dichotomy of internals vs. externals

- **Why:** Without substance dualism, the internal-external division is merely pragmatic, not ontological

**435. Libertarian-Freedom** →

- Enables: 2 (Assent), 7 (Prohairesis), 431 (Choice-Freedom), 437 (Moral-Agency)

- Grounds: All moral responsibility

- **Why:** If will isn't free, there's no basis for moral accountability

**446-447. Moral-Realism** →

- Enables: 27 (Internal-Good), 29 (Internal-Evil), 31 (Intrinsic-Value)

- Grounds: All value judgments

- **Why:** If moral properties aren't real, internalism collapses into subjectivism

**448-449. Ethical-Intuitionism** →

- Enables: 8 (Reason), 451 (Reason-Authority), 77 (Truth-Comparison)

- Grounds: How we know moral truths

- **Why:** Explains epistemic access to moral reality

**450. Foundationalism** →

- Enables: 96 (Reality-Alignment), 455 (Truth-Correspondence)

- Grounds: Structure of knowledge

- **Why:** Prevents infinite regress in justification

**455. Truth-Correspondence** →

- Enables: 69 (Reality-Check), 91 (Correct-Assent), 444 (Truth-Recognition)

- Grounds: Relationship between judgment and world

- **Why:** Defines what makes assent correct

---

#### **Tier 1 → All Operational Tiers (2-9)**

Core faculties enable all practice:

**1. Phantasia (Impression)** →

- Enables: ALL of Tier 3 (Examination), 61 (Appearance-Recognition), 100 (Impression-Completion)

- Required for: Every cognitive operation

- **Why:** No cognition without impressions

**2. Sunkatathesis (Assent)** →

- Enables: 3 (Impulse), 91-92 (Correct/Incorrect-Assent), 78 (Assent-Delay), 93 (Assent-Habit)

- Required for: All judgment, emotion, action

- **Why:** Assent is the switch that activates everything else

**7. Prohairesis (Choice)** →

- Enables: 21 (Internal-Domain), 41 (Internal-Ownership), 431-434 (Choice-terms)

- Required for: Moral agency, freedom, virtue

- **Why:** Prohairesis IS the self in Stoic psychology

**6. Krisis (Judgment)** →

- Enables: 27 (Internal-Good), 29 (Internal-Evil), 66 (Value-Detection)

- Required for: All evaluation

- **Why:** Judgment assigns value, creating the moral landscape

**8. Logos (Reason)** →

- Enables: 17 (Self-Command), 451-454 (Reason-terms), 96 (Reality-Alignment)

- Required for: All correct operations

- **Why:** Reason is the normative standard

---

#### **Tier 2 → Operational Tiers (3-9)**

The dichotomy structures all practice:

**33. Internal-External-Distinction** →

- Enables: 68 (Internal-External-Test), 49 (Domain-Clarity), 58 (Internal-Orientation)

- Required for: All examination, all discipline

- **Why:** Without this distinction, desire/aversion go to wrong objects

**21. Internal-Domain** & **22. External-Domain** →

- Enable: 23-24 (Spheres), 25-26 (Action/Event), 27-29 (Good/Evil/Indifferent)

- Required for: Understanding what's up to us

- **Why:** Define the two regions of reality

**49. Domain-Clarity** →

- Enables: 50 (Domain-Alignment), 58 (Internal-Orientation)

- Required for: Correct desire/aversion placement

- **Why:** Can't align with internals if you can't see the boundary

---

### **B. FUNCTIONAL CLUSTERS**

**Terms That Operate Together as Units**

#### **CLUSTER 1: The Examination Sequence (Tier 3)**

This is the step-by-step process for handling impressions:

**Stage 1: Recognition**

- 61 (Appearance-Recognition) → 62 (Appearance-Separation) → 63 (Neutral-Observation)

- **Function:** Create cognitive distance from impression

**Stage 2: Content Extraction**

- 64 (Content-Extraction) → 65 (Proposition-Identification) → 66 (Value-Detection) → 67 (Implicit-Assumption-Recognition)

- **Function:** Make the impression's claims explicit

**Stage 3: Testing**

- 68 (Internal-External-Test) → 69 (Reality-Check) → 70 (Description-vs-Judgment-Division)

- **Function:** Apply criteria to evaluate the impression

**Stage 4: Suspension & Review**

- 71 (Rational-Pause) → 72 (Cognitive-Suspension) → 73 (Evidence-Review)

- **Function:** Prevent premature assent

**Stage 5: Critical Examination**

- 74 (Distortion-Recognition) → 75 (Counter-Image-Check) → 76 (Emotional-Layer-Removal) → 77 (Truth-Comparison)

- **Function:** Eliminate bias and error

**Stage 6: Final Evaluation**

- 78 (Assent-Delay) → 86 (Assent-Readiness) → 91 (Correct-Assent) OR 87 (Assent-Withholding)

- **Function:** Execute judgment

**Stage 7: Integration**

- 93 (Assent-Habit) → 94 (Impression-Mastery) → 100 (Impression-Completion)

- **Function:** Build stable competence

**Pedagogical Note:** This sequence must become automatic. Practice terms 61-100 as a unified procedure.

---

#### **CLUSTER 2: Daily Practice Cycle (Tier 9)**

The rhythm of Stoic discipline:

**Morning Routine:**

- 371 (Morning-Preparation) → 373 (Event-Forecasting) → 374 (Obstacle-Preacceptance) → 375 (Hardship-Readiness)

- **Function:** Set internal orientation before engaging with day

**Continuous Vigilance:**

- 380 (Vigilance-Recognition) → 381 (Vigilance-Formation) → 382 (Vigilance-Intensity) → 383 (Vigilance-Consistency)

- **Function:** Maintain attention throughout day

**Error Management:**

- 376 (Error-Awareness) → 377 (Error-Interruption) → 378 (Error-Correction) → 379 (Error-Integration)

- **Function:** Handle mistakes immediately

**Evening Routine:**

- 372 (Evening-Review) → 366 (Examination-Recognition) → 367 (Examination-Entry) → 368 (Examination-Depth)

- **Function:** Reflect on day's judgments

**Readiness Cycle:**

- 384 (Readiness-Recognition) → 385 (Readiness-Activation) → 386 (Readiness-Stability) → 387 (Readiness-Return)

- **Function:** Maintain prepared state

**Pedagogical Note:** This cluster defines what "practicing Stoicism" actually looks like daily.

---

#### **CLUSTER 3: Character Formation Sequence (Tier 7)**

How habits become character:

**Formation:**

- [Character-Recognition] → [Character-Formation] → [Character-Stability]

- **Function:** Initial building of dispositions

**Maintenance:**

- [Character-Integrity] → [Character-Constancy] → [Character-Unity]

- **Function:** Preserving developed traits

**Completion:**

- [Character-Perfection] → [Character-Invulnerability]

- **Function:** Achieving stable virtue

**Note:** [Bracketed terms would be from Tier 7 once we complete that section in full]

---

#### **CLUSTER 4: Freedom Architecture**

How liberty is built and protected:

**Metaphysical Foundation:**

- 401 (Substance-Dualism) → 435 (Libertarian-Freedom) → 436 (Contra-Causal-Freedom)

- **Function:** Ontological basis of freedom

**Recognition:**

- 430 (Freedom-Recognition) → 431 (Choice-Freedom) → 432 (Choice-Independence)

- **Function:** Seeing where freedom resides

**Implementation:**

- 433 (Choice-Sufficiency) → 434 (Choice-Responsibility) → 437 (Moral-Agency)

- **Function:** Using freedom correctly

**Protection:**

- 441 (Freedom-Invulnerability) → 443 (Absolute-Sovereignty)

- **Function:** Securing freedom from external invasion

**Completion:**

- 442 (Freedom-Completion) → 464 (Final-Freedom)

- **Function:** Perfected liberty

---

#### **CLUSTER 5: Truth & Reality Alignment**

How judgment conforms to what is:

**Foundation:**

- 444 (Truth-Recognition) → 445 (Truth-Independence) → 455 (Truth-Correspondence)

- **Function:** Understanding truth's nature

**Application:**

- 69 (Reality-Check) → 77 (Truth-Comparison) → 96 (Reality-Alignment)

- **Function:** Aligning judgment with facts

**Authority:**

- 451 (Reason-Authority) → 452 (Reason-Sufficiency) → 453 (Reason-Transparency)

- **Function:** Establishing rational governance

**Moral Extension:**

- 446 (Moral-Truth) → 447 (Moral-Realism) → 448 (Moral-Intuition)

- **Function:** Knowing moral reality

---

### **C. TIER-TO-TIER CONNECTIONS**

**How Concepts Flow Through the System**

#### **Tier 1 → Tier 2: Faculties Enable Dichotomy**

- **1 (Impression)** presents content about internals and externals

- **6 (Judgment)** evaluates which domain impression belongs to

- **16 (Discernment)** is the capacity to make this division

- **Result:** 33 (Internal-External-Distinction) becomes possible

#### **Tier 2 → Tier 3: Dichotomy Guides Examination**

- **49 (Domain-Clarity)** provides the criterion for examination

- **68 (Internal-External-Test)** applies this criterion to impressions

- **Result:** Examination has a clear standard

#### **Tier 3 → Tier 4: Examination Prevents Emotions**

- **91 (Correct-Assent)** avoids false value judgments

- False value judgments about externals produce pathē

- **Result:** Emotional regulation becomes possible

#### **Tier 4 → Tier 5: Emotions/Eupatheiai Produce Impulses**

- Correct impressions → eupatheiai → rational impulses

- False impressions → pathē → irrational impulses

- **Result:** Action quality depends on prior judgment

#### **Tier 5 → Tier 6: Action Engages Indifferents**

- Rational action must engage externals

- **49 (Domain-Clarity)** prevents treating them as valuable

- **Result:** Selection without attachment

#### **Tier 6 → Tier 7: Repeated Selection Builds Character**

- Consistent preferred indifferent choices over time

- Form stable dispositions

- **Result:** Character emerges from habit

#### **Tier 7 → Tier 8: Character Becomes Virtue**

- Stable, correct character = virtue

- Stable, incorrect character = vice

- **Result:** Moral excellence is habituated rationality

#### **Tier 8 → Tier 9: Virtue Requires Training**

- Virtue doesn't appear spontaneously

- Requires disciplined daily practice

- **Result:** Practice maintains and develops virtue

#### **Tier 9 → Tier 10: Practice Achieves Telos**

- Daily discipline perfects prohairesis

- **470 (Prohairesis-Perfection)** = sage-state

- **471 (Telos-Achievement)** completes human purpose

- **Result:** System reaches its goal

#### **Tier 10 → Tier 1: Metaphysics Grounds Faculties**

- **401 (Substance-Dualism)** explains why mind is distinct

- **435 (Libertarian-Freedom)** explains why assent is free

- **Result:** Complete logical circle—system is closed

---

### **D. CRITICAL PATHWAYS**

**Essential Sequences for Understanding Practice**

#### **PATHWAY 1: From Impression to Action**

**"How does an external event lead to virtuous action?"**

1. External event occurs → generates **1 (Impression)**

2. Agent applies **10 (Attention)** → notices impression

3. Implements **61-70 (Examination sequence)** → tests impression

4. Applies **68 (Internal-External-Test)** → categorizes correctly

5. Grants **91 (Correct-Assent)** → accepts only factual content

6. Produces **eupatheia** (good feeling) → rational emotion

7. Generates **rational impulse** → appropriate desire/aversion

8. Executes **appropriate action** → virtuous behavior

**Key Insight:** External event never directly causes action—always mediated by judgment.

---

#### **PATHWAY 2: From False Belief to Pathos**

**"How do emotions arise and how do we stop them?"**

1. External event occurs → generates impression

2. Impression contains hidden value-claim about external

3. Agent fails **66 (Value-Detection)** → doesn't notice false claim

4. Grants **92 (Incorrect-Assent)** → accepts external as good/evil

5. Produces **pathos** (passion) → irrational emotion

6. Generates **irrational impulse** → inappropriate desire/aversion

7. Executes **inappropriate action** → vicious behavior

**Intervention Points:**

- **61-67:** Catch false value-claim before assent

- **377 (Error-Interruption):** Stop process immediately upon recognition

- **378 (Error-Correction):** Reverse the false judgment

- **76 (Emotional-Layer-Removal):** Strip emotional coloration

---

#### **PATHWAY 3: Building Virtue from Zero**

**"How does a beginner become virtuous?"**

**Phase 1: Learning the Distinction (Tier 2)**

1. Study **33 (Internal-External-Distinction)**

2. Practice **49 (Domain-Clarity)** until automatic

3. Begin **58 (Internal-Orientation)**

**Phase 2: Learning to Examine (Tier 3)**

4. Memorize **61-100 (Examination sequence)**

5. Practice on easy impressions first

6. Build **93 (Assent-Habit)**

**Phase 3: Daily Discipline (Tier 9)**

7. Implement **371 (Morning-Preparation)**

8. Maintain **380-383 (Vigilance cluster)**

9. Practice **372 (Evening-Review)**

**Phase 4: Character Formation (Tier 7)**

10. Repeated correct judgment → stable dispositions

11. Dispositions become character traits

12. Character approaches virtue

**Phase 5: Virtue Stabilization (Tier 8)**

13. Four cardinal virtues develop together

14. Internal harmony achieved

15. **470 (Prohairesis-Perfection)** reached

**Timeline:** Years to decades of consistent practice.

---

#### **PATHWAY 4: Daily Practice Implementation**

**"What do I actually DO each day?"**

**Morning (15-30 minutes):**

1. **371 (Morning-Preparation):** Set internal aim

2. **373 (Event-Forecasting):** Anticipate likely impressions

3. **374 (Obstacle-Preacceptance):** Accept obstacles in advance

4. **375 (Hardship-Readiness):** Prepare for difficulty

**Throughout Day (Continuous):**

5. **380-383 (Vigilance):** Maintain attention on impressions

6. **61-100 (Examination):** Apply to each impression

7. **376-379 (Error Management):** Handle mistakes immediately

**Evening (15-30 minutes):**

8. **372 (Evening-Review):** Examine day's judgments

9. **366-370 (Examination depth):** Go beneath surface

10. **379 (Error-Integration):** Learn from mistakes

**Result:** After months/years, this becomes automatic.

---

#### **PATHWAY 5: Understanding Sterling's System**

**"How do Sterling's six commitments support the practice?"**

**Commitment 1: Substance Dualism (401-402)**

- **Supports:** Internal-External division is ontologically real

- **Enables:** 33, 458 (World-Self-Division)

- **Practice Impact:** Your mind is fundamentally separate from body/world

**Commitment 2: Libertarian Free Will (435-437)**

- **Supports:** Assent is genuinely free

- **Enables:** 2, 7, 434 (Choice-Responsibility)

- **Practice Impact:** You are truly responsible for judgments

**Commitment 3: Ethical Intuitionism (448-449)**

- **Supports:** You can directly know moral truths

- **Enables:** 66 (Value-Detection), 91 (Correct-Assent)

- **Practice Impact:** Reason has direct access to good/evil

**Commitment 4: Foundationalism (450)**

- **Supports:** Some truths are self-evident

- **Enables:** 96 (Reality-Alignment), 455 (Truth-Correspondence)

- **Practice Impact:** Judgment can rest on secure foundations

**Commitment 5: Correspondence Theory (455)**

- **Supports:** Truth = agreement with reality

- **Enables:** 69 (Reality-Check), 91 (Correct-Assent)

- **Practice Impact:** Your judgments can match facts

**Commitment 6: Moral Realism (446-447)**

- **Supports:** Good and evil are real properties

- **Enables:** 27 (Internal-Good), 29 (Internal-Evil)

- **Practice Impact:** Virtue is objectively valuable

**Why They Matter:** Without these commitments, Stoic practice loses its metaphysical foundation and becomes mere pragmatism.

---

### **E. DEPENDENCY CHAINS**

**Terms That Form Logical Prerequisites**

#### **Chain 1: Freedom Chain**

```

401 (Substance-Dualism) →

402 (Mind-Body-Distinction) →

435 (Libertarian-Freedom) →

436 (Contra-Causal-Freedom) →

7 (Prohairesis) →

431 (Choice-Freedom) →

434 (Choice-Responsibility) →

437 (Moral-Agency) →

441 (Freedom-Invulnerability) →

464 (Final-Freedom)

```

**Each term depends on all previous terms in chain.**

---

#### **Chain 2: Value Chain**

```

446 (Moral-Realism) →

447 (Moral-Truth) →

31 (Intrinsic-Value) →

27 (Internal-Good) →

29 (Internal-Evil) →

33 (Internal-External-Distinction) →

49 (Domain-Clarity) →

66 (Value-Detection) →

68 (Internal-External-Test) →

91 (Correct-Assent)

```

**Value knowledge flows from metaphysics to practice.**

---

#### **Chain 3: Truth Chain**

```

450 (Foundationalism) →

455 (Truth-Correspondence) →

444 (Truth-Recognition) →

445 (Truth-Independence) →

8 (Reason) →

451 (Reason-Authority) →

69 (Reality-Check) →

77 (Truth-Comparison) →

96 (Reality-Alignment) →

466 (Final-Truth)

```

**Truth structure supports all epistemic operations.**

---

#### **Chain 4: Practice Chain**

```

1 (Impression) →

10 (Attention) →

61 (Appearance-Recognition) →

63 (Neutral-Observation) →

66 (Value-Detection) →

68 (Internal-External-Test) →

71 (Rational-Pause) →

78 (Assent-Delay) →

91 (Correct-Assent) →

93 (Assent-Habit) →

94 (Impression-Mastery) →

470 (Prohairesis-Perfection)

```

**From first impression to perfect virtue.**

---

### **F. TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE**

**"When X fails, check these dependencies"**

#### **Problem: Can't maintain Domain-Clarity (49)**

Check:

- Do you understand **33 (Internal-External-Distinction)**?

- Have you practiced **16 (Discernment)** sufficiently?

- Are you applying **68 (Internal-External-Test)** consistently?

**Solution:** Go back to Tier 2, master the dichotomy conceptually before expecting practical clarity.

---

#### **Problem: Emotions still arise despite practice**

Check:

- Are you catching **66 (Value-Detection)** in time?

- Are you using **71 (Rational-Pause)** before assent?

- Have you identified the specific false judgment causing the pathos?

**Solution:** The emotion reveals a hidden incorrect assent. Use **74 (Distortion-Recognition)** to find it.

---

#### **Problem: Can't maintain Vigilance (380-383)**

Check:

- Are you doing **371 (Morning-Preparation)**?

- Is **93 (Assent-Habit)** sufficiently developed?

- Are you trying to be vigilant about externals instead of judgments?

**Solution:** Vigilance is about watching internal operations, not external events. Refocus on **1 (Impressions)** as they arise.

---

#### **Problem: Practice feels mechanical, not transformative**

Check:

- Do you understand **why** the system works (Tier 10)?

- Are you going through motions without **10 (Attention)**?

- Have you integrated **456 (Moral-Architecture)** conceptually?

**Solution:** Return to Tier 10. Understanding the metaphysics reanimates practice by showing its rational foundation.

---

### **G. QUICK REFERENCE: MOST CRITICAL CONNECTIONS**

**The 10 Most Important Relationships in the System:**

1. **401 (Substance-Dualism) → 33 (Internal-External-Distinction)**

   - Ontology grounds the dichotomy

2. **435 (Libertarian-Freedom) → 2 (Assent)**

   - Metaphysical freedom enables psychological freedom

3. **1 (Impression) → 2 (Assent) → 3 (Impulse)**

   - Core cognitive sequence

4. **33 (Internal-External-Distinction) → 68 (Internal-External-Test)**

   - Theory enables practice

5. **68 (Internal-External-Test) → 91 (Correct-Assent)**

   - Testing produces right judgment

6. **91 (Correct-Assent) → Eupatheia → Rational Action**

   - Virtue produces appropriate action

7. **92 (Incorrect-Assent) → Pathos → Irrational Action**

   - Vice produces inappropriate action

8. **93 (Assent-Habit) → Character Formation (Tier 7)**

   - Repetition builds stable dispositions

9. **371 (Morning-Preparation) + 372 (Evening-Review)**

   - Daily rhythm maintains practice

10. **470 (Prohairesis-Perfection) → 471 (Telos-Achievement)**

    - Perfect virtue realizes human purpose

---

**END OF CROSS-REFERENCE GUIDE**

---

Would you like me to continue with:

**4. Sterling's Six Commitments Index** (detailed map of where each commitment appears and supports the system)?

THE STOIC 500: SUPPORTING MATERIALS SUITE

 

# **THE STOIC 500: SUPPORTING MATERIALS SUITE**

## **TABLE OF CONTENTS**

1. **Master Index** (Alphabetical listing with term numbers and tier locations)

2. **Tier Summaries** (Conceptual overview of each tier's purpose)

3. **Cross-Reference Guide** (Logical dependencies and connections)

4. **Sterling's Six Commitments Index** (Where each commitment appears)

5. **Greek-English Concordance** (Greek terms with English equivalents)

6. **Functional Categories** (Terms grouped by operational role)

7. **Practice Guide** (Terms organized by daily application)

8. **Quick Reference Cards** (One-page summaries by tier)

---

## **1. MASTER INDEX**

**Alphabetical Listing of All 471 Terms**

### **A**

- Absolute-Sovereignty (443)

- Affirmation-Test (88)

- Alarm-Creation (Tier 4)

- Anamnēsis / Reflection (11)

- Appearance-Recognition (61)

- Appearance-Separation (62)

- Assent / Sunkatathesis (2)

- Assent-Delay (78)

- Assent-Habit (93)

- Assent-Readiness (86)

- Assent-Withholding (87)

- Autokrateia / Self-Command (17)

- Aversion / Ekklisis (5)

### **B**

- Bouleusis / Deliberation (12)

- Boulēsis / Will (14)

- Boundary-Recognition (34)

### **C**

- Causal-Boundary (440)

- Causal-Primacy (439)

- Choice / Prohairesis (7)

- Choice-Freedom (431)

- Choice-Independence (432)

- Choice-Responsibility (434)

- Choice-Sufficiency (433)

- Cognitive-Guard (95)

- Cognitive-Purity (99)

- Cognitive-Suspension (72)

- Contra-Causal-Freedom (436)

- Content-Extraction (64)

- Correct-Assent (91)

- Counter-Image-Check (75)

- Counterexample-Check (85)

### **D**

- Daily-Mastery (398)

- Denial-Test (89)

- Description-vs-Judgment-Division (70)

- Desire / Orexis (4)

- Diakrisis / Discernment (16)

- Discipline-Continuity (389)

- Discipline-Correction (357)

- Discipline-Formation (352)

- Discipline-Integration (354)

- Discipline-Neutrality (394)

- Discipline-Posture (388)

- Discipline-Purification (356)

- Discipline-Recognition (351)

- Discipline-Renewal (390)

- Discipline-Reorientation (358)

- Discipline-Simplicity (355)

- Discipline-Stability (353)

- Disconfirmation-Search (84)

- Distortion-Recognition (74)

- Domain-Alignment (50)

- Domain-Clarity (49)

- Domain-Integrity (57)

### **E**

- Eleutheria Endoterā / Internal-Freedom (20)

- Emotional-Layer-Removal (76)

- Error-Awareness (376)

- Error-Correction (378)

- Error-Filter (79)

- Error-Integration (379)

- Error-Interruption (377)

- Ethical-Intuitionism (449)

- Event-Forecasting (373)

- Event-Neutrality (404)

- Evidence-Review (73)

- Examination-Clarity (369)

- Examination-Continuity (370)

- Examination-Depth (368)

- Examination-Entry (367)

- Examination-Recognition (366)

- External-Causation (407)

- External-Complexity (410)

- External-Dependency (36)

- External-Domain (22)

- External-Event (26)

- External-Futility (38)

- External-Illusion (30)

- External-Independence (409)

- External-Indifference (52)

- External-Indifferent (28)

- External-Instability (44)

- External-Insufficiency (54)

- External-Limit (46, 408)

- External-Non-Ownership (42)

- External-Non-Responsibility (48)

- External-Occurrence (405)

- External-Sequence (406)

- External-Subordination (56)

- External-Transience (60, 411)

- External-Volatility (412)

- External-Weakness (40)

- Extrinsic-Appearance (32)

### **F**

- Final-Clarity (463)

- Final-Freedom (464)

- Final-Goodness (465)

- Final-Posture (461)

- Final-Truth (466)

- Final-Unity (462)

- Foundationalism (450)

- Freedom-Completion (442)

- Freedom-Invulnerability (441)

- Freedom-Recognition (430)

### **G–H**

- Hardship-Readiness (375)

- Homologia / Self-Consistency (18)

- Hormē / Impulse (3)

### **I**

- Implicit-Assumption-Recognition (67)

- Impression / Phantasia (1)

- Impression-Completion (100)

- Impression-Mastery (94)

- Incorrect-Assent (92)

- Inner-Clarity (97)

- Internal-Action (25)

- Internal-Agency (421)

- Internal-Authority (35)

- Internal-Causation (422)

- Internal-Constancy (59)

- Internal-Continuity (425)

- Internal-Domain (21)

- Internal-Evil (29)

- Internal-Good (27)

- Internal-Guardianship (51)

- Internal-Integrity (424)

- Internal-Limit (45)

- Internal-Orientation (58)

- Internal-Ownership (41)

- Internal-Primacy (55)

- Internal-Responsibility (47)

- Internal-Sovereignty (423)

- Internal-Stability (43)

- Internal-Strength (39)

- Internal-Structure (426)

- Internal-Sufficiency (53)

- Internal–External-Distinction (33)

- Internal–External-Test (68)

- Intrinsic-Value (31)

### **J–K–L**

- Katanoēsis / Observation (9)

- Krisis / Judgment (6)

- Libertarian-Freedom (435)

- Logos / Reason (8)

### **M**

- Mental-Simplicity (98)

- Mind-Body-Distinction (402)

- Moral-Agency (437)

- Moral-Architecture (456)

- Moral-Causation (438)

- Moral-Intuition (448)

- Moral-Realism (447)

- Moral-Truth (446)

- Morning-Preparation (371)

### **N–O**

- Neutral-Observation (63)

- Obstacle-Preacceptance (374)

- Ontological-Independence (427)

- Ontological-Simplicity (428)

- Orexis / Desire (4)

### **P**

- Phantasia / Impression (1)

- Position-Testing (82)

- Practice-Completion (400)

- Practice-Security (395)

- Practice-Stability (396)

- Practice-Vigor (397)

- Prohairesis / Choice (7)

- Prohairesis-Perfection (470)

- Proposition-Clarification (81)

- Proposition-Identification (65)

- Prosochē / Attention (10)

### **R**

- Rational-Conclusion (90)

- Rational-Pause (71)

- Rational-Refinement (80)

- Readiness-Activation (385)

- Readiness-Recognition (384)

- Readiness-Return (387)

- Readiness-Stability (386)

- Reality-Alignment (96)

- Reality-Check (69)

- Reality-Structure (403)

- Reality-Sufficiency (414)

- Reality-Transparency (413)

- Reason / Logos (8)

- Reason-Authority (451)

- Reason-Completion (457)

- Reason-Constancy (454)

- Reason-Sufficiency (452)

- Reason-Transparency (453)

### **S**

- Sage-Invulnerability (469)

- Sage-Structure (468)

- Self-Boundary (420)

- Self-Command / Autokrateia (17)

- Self-Completion (429)

- Self-Consistency / Homologia (18)

- Self-Recognition (416)

- Self-Simplicity (417)

- Self-Sufficiency (37, 419)

- Self-Transparency (418)

- Skopos-Prohairetikos / Moral-Aim (15)

- Skopē / Aim (13)

- Sphere-of-Externals (24)

- Sphere-of-Internals (23)

- Substance-Dualism (401)

- Sunkatathesis / Assent (2)

### **T**

- Tautotēs-Prohairetikē / Moral-Identity (19)

- Teleological-Completion (467)

- Telos-Achievement (471)

- Training-Boundary (391)

- Training-Completion (362)

- Training-Endurance (365)

- Training-Engagement (361)

- Training-Focus (364)

- Training-Integrity (392)

- Training-Neutrality (394)

- Training-Preparation (360)

- Training-Purity (399)

- Training-Recognition (359)

- Training-Repetition (363)

- Training-Unity (393)

- Truth-Comparison (77)

- Truth-Correspondence (455)

- Truth-Independence (445)

- Truth-Recognition (444)

### **V**

- Value-Detection (66)

- Vigilance-Consistency (383)

- Vigilance-Formation (381)

- Vigilance-Intensity (382)

- Vigilance-Recognition (380)

### **W**

- World-Continuity (414)

- World-Indifference (415)

- World-Self-Alignment (459)

- World-Self-Division (458)

- World-Self-Independence (460)

---

2. TIER SUMMARIES (REVISED WITH CRITICAL TERMS)

Conceptual Overview of Each Tier's Purpose and Function

TIER 1: CORE STOIC FACULTIES (1-20)

Purpose: Establish the foundational mental operations of Stoic psychology.

Key Function: These are the irreducible elements of Stoic cognition—impression, assent, impulse, judgment, and choice. Everything else in the system builds from these 20 operations. Without mastery of Tier 1 vocabulary, the student cannot understand how the mind actually works in Stoic theory.

**Critical Terms:**

1. **Phantasia / Impression (1)** - The propositional appearance presented to the ruling faculty

2. **Sunkatathesis / Assent (2)** - The acceptance of an impression's propositional content as true

3. **Hormē / Impulse (3)** - The inward motion toward action arising from assent

4. **Prohairesis / Choice (7)** - The ruling faculty's capacity to choose; seat of moral agency

5. **Logos / Reason (8)** - The rational faculty aligning judgment with truth and nature

6. **Prosochē / Attention (10)** - Active mental focus applied to impressions

7. **Diakrisis / Discernment (16)** - The ability to distinguish internal from external

8. **Eleutheria Endoterā / Internal-Freedom (20)** - Freedom grounded solely in correct assent

**Pedagogical Note:** Tier 1 must be memorized and understood before attempting Tiers 2-10. These are the grammar of Stoic thought.

---

### **TIER 2: INTERNAL-EXTERNAL DIVISION (21-60)**

**Purpose:** Articulate the fundamental dichotomy between what is up to us and what is not.

**Key Function:** This is the ontological and practical division that makes Stoicism work. Without sharp clarity on this boundary, desire and aversion will be misdirected, leading to suffering and vice. Tier 2 defines the two domains, their characteristics, and the relationship between them.

**Critical Terms:**

1. **Internal-Domain (21)** - The sphere of judgment, assent, impulse, and choice

2. **External-Domain (22)** - All things outside judgment and choice

3. **Internal-Good (27)** - Virtue, correct judgment, and right reason (the sole good)

4. **External-Indifferent (28)** - Everything outside the mind's activity (neither good nor evil)

5. **Internal-Evil (29)** - Vice: false judgment, wrong valuation

6. **Internal-External-Distinction (33)** - Separating what is within control from what is not

7. **Self-Sufficiency (37)** - Possessing all good within one's own faculty

8. **Domain-Clarity (49)** - The capacity to assign each impression to its proper domain

9. **Domain-Alignment (50)** - Aligning desire and aversion exclusively with internals

10. **Internal-Orientation (58)** - Continual turning of perception toward the Internal-Domain

**Pedagogical Note:** This tier operationalizes Enchiridion 1. Students must practice Domain-Clarity (49) daily until automatic.

---

### **TIER 3: EXAMINATION OF IMPRESSIONS (61-100)**

**Purpose:** Provide the complete method for evaluating appearances before granting assent.

**Key Function:** This tier is the heart of Stoic practice. It gives the step-by-step cognitive procedure for handling impressions: recognition, separation, neutral observation, content extraction, testing, and final judgment. Mastery of Tier 3 enables the agent to avoid false assent and emotional disturbance.

**Critical Terms:**

1. **Appearance-Recognition (61)** - Seeing an impression as an appearance rather than reality

2. **Appearance-Separation (62)** - Isolating the impression from the external object

3. **Neutral-Observation (63)** - Restoring the impression to purely descriptive form

4. **Value-Detection (66)** - Identifying implicit claims of goodness or badness

5. **Internal-External-Test (68)** - Subjecting impression's content to the fundamental criterion

6. **Reality-Check (69)** - Examining factual adequacy of descriptive content

7. **Rational-Pause (71)** - Establishing deliberate interruption between appearance and assent

8. **Assent-Delay (78)** - Postponing assent until judgment is clear

9. **Correct-Assent (91)** - Assent aligned with truth and internals

10. **Assent-Habit (93)** - The cultivated tendency to examine before assenting

**Pedagogical Note:** This is where theory becomes practice. Students must rehearse this examination sequence until it becomes second nature.

---

### **TIER 4: EMOTIONAL REGULATION (101-150)**

**Purpose:** Explain the structure of emotions (pathē) and how to prevent or dissolve them.

**Key Function:** Emotions arise from false judgments about externals. Tier 4 shows the genesis of each major passion, its underlying false belief, and the rational correction. This tier also covers eupatheiai (good feelings) that arise from correct judgment.

**Critical Terms:**

[Based on the typical Stoic structure of Tier 4, the critical terms would include:]

1. **Pathos** - Irrational emotion arising from false judgment

2. **Eupatheia** - Rational feeling arising from correct judgment

3. **Fear (Phobos)** - False judgment that external evil threatens

4. **Desire (Epithumia)** - False judgment that external good is achievable

5. **Distress (Lupē)** - False judgment that external evil is present

6. **Pleasure (Hēdonē)** - False judgment that external good is present

7. **Boulēsis** - Rational wish for genuine good (internal)

8. **Chara** - Rational joy at genuine good

9. **Eulabeia** - Rational caution about genuine evil (vice)

10. **Emotional-Layer-Removal (76)** - Stripping impression of affective coloration

**Pedagogical Note:** Understanding this tier eliminates the illusion that emotions are involuntary or externally caused.

---

### **TIER 5: RATIONAL IMPULSE AND ACTION (151-200)**

**Purpose:** Show how correct assent produces appropriate action.

**Key Function:** This tier connects internal judgment to external behavior. It explains rational impulse, appropriate action (kathēkon), right action (katorthōma), and the relationship between intention and outcome. Action is always the product of assent, never a response to externals.

**Critical Terms:**

[Based on typical Stoic action theory structure:]

1. **Rational-Impulse** - Movement toward action from correct assent

2. **Irrational-Impulse** - Movement toward action from false assent

3. **Kathēkon (Appropriate Action)** - Action fitting circumstances, performed by progressors

4. **Katorthōma (Right Action)** - Perfectly virtuous action, performed only by sage

5. **Intention-Primary** - Moral value resides in intention, not outcome

6. **Outcome-Indifference** - Results are external, therefore indifferent

7. **Action-Independence** - Virtuous action possible regardless of circumstances

8. **Internal-Responsibility (47)** - Moral responsibility for choice, not outcome

9. **External-Engagement** - How to act in external world without attachment

10. **Selection-Rationality** - Choosing among indifferents according to reason

**Pedagogical Note:** This tier explains why Stoics can act rationally even in "bad" circumstances—because action quality depends only on internal correctness.

---

### **TIER 6: PREFERRED AND DISPREFERRED INDIFFERENTS (201-250)**

**Purpose:** Articulate the Stoic doctrine of selection among externals.

**Key Function:** While externals are morally indifferent, some are naturally preferable (health, wealth) and others dispreferred (sickness, poverty). This tier explains how to engage rationally with externals without attributing value to them. The key is selection without attachment.

**Critical Terms:**

[Based on Stoic indifferents doctrine:]

1. **Preferred-Indifferent** - Naturally desirable but not good (health, wealth, life)

2. **Dispreferred-Indifferent** - Naturally aversive but not evil (illness, poverty, death)

3. **Absolute-Indifferent** - Neither preferred nor dispreferred (number of hairs)

4. **Selection (Eklogē)** - Rational choice among indifferents

5. **Rejection (Apeklogē)** - Rational avoidance among indifferents

6. **Natural-Value (Axia)** - Instrumental worth without moral goodness

7. **Preference-Without-Attachment** - Selecting rationally without dependence

8. **Outcome-Acceptance** - Accepting results with equanimity

9. **Role-Appropriate-Action** - Acting according to social role using indifferents

10. **External-Engagement-Rules** - Guidelines for interaction with preferred indifferents

**Pedagogical Note:** This tier prevents the misunderstanding that Stoics are indifferent to all outcomes. We prefer health, but do not make happiness depend on it.

---

### **TIER 7: CHARACTER FORMATION (251-300)**

**Purpose:** Explain how stable moral dispositions develop through repeated judgment.

**Key Function:** Character (ēthos) is the accumulated pattern of assents that becomes habitual. This tier shows how virtue and vice form, how to recognize character traits, and how to reshape character through training. Character is internal structure made stable.

**Critical Terms:**

[Based on character development theory:]

1. **Character (Ēthos)** - Stable pattern of judgments and responses

2. **Character-Formation** - Process by which repeated assents become dispositions

3. **Habituation** - Mechanism making responses automatic

4. **Disposition (Hexis)** - Stable tendency toward certain judgments

5. **Virtue-Directed-Character** - Stable tendency toward correct assent

6. **Vice-Directed-Character** - Stable tendency toward incorrect assent

7. **Character-Stability** - Resistance to perturbation from circumstances

8. **Character-Transformation** - Process of reshaping through practice

9. **Progressive-Character** - Intermediate state between vice and virtue

10. **Character-Integration** - Unity of traits across contexts

**Pedagogical Note:** Character change requires sustained, deliberate practice. This tier provides the roadmap.

---

### **TIER 8: VIRTUE AND VICE STRUCTURE (301-350)**

**Purpose:** Define the four cardinal virtues, their sub-virtues, and opposing vices.

**Key Function:** Virtue is the perfected state of prohairesis; vice is its corruption. This tier gives the complete architecture of moral excellence: Wisdom, Justice, Courage, Moderation, and their detailed components. Each virtue is a mode of correct judgment applied to a specific domain.

**Critical Terms:**

[Based on cardinal virtues structure:]

1. **Wisdom (Sophia/Phronēsis)** - Knowledge of good and evil; correct evaluation

2. **Justice (Dikaiosunē)** - Giving each its due; proper relations

3. **Courage (Andreia)** - Correct assent about what to fear/endure

4. **Moderation (Sōphrosunē)** - Correct assent about desire/aversion; orderly disposition

5. **Virtue-Unity** - All four virtues are one thing: correct judgment

6. **Virtue-Indivisibility** - Cannot have one virtue without all

7. **Vice-Structure** - Systematic false judgment (mirror of virtue)

8. **Foolishness** - Ignorance of good/evil (opposite of wisdom)

9. **Injustice** - Violation of due relations (opposite of justice)

10. **Cowardice/Rashness** - False judgment about fear (opposite of courage)

**Pedagogical Note:** The virtues are unified—you cannot have one without all. This tier explains why.

---

### **TIER 9: DISCIPLINE, TRAINING, AND DAILY PRACTICE (351-400)**

**Purpose:** Provide the operational framework for Stoic exercise and discipline.

**Key Function:** This tier translates theory into daily routine: morning preparation, evening review, event forecasting, error correction, vigilance, and readiness. These are the concrete practices that build and maintain prohairesis. Without Tier 9, Stoicism remains abstract philosophy.

**Critical Terms:**

1. **Discipline-Recognition (351)** - Seeing discipline as acceptance of rational constraints

2. **Morning-Preparation (371)** - Setting internal aims before impressions arrive

3. **Evening-Review (372)** - Reviewing judgments and actions taken during the day

4. **Event-Forecasting (373)** - Anticipating likely impressions and externals

5. **Obstacle-Preacceptance (374)** - Accepting inevitability of obstacles in advance

6. **Error-Awareness (376)** - Knowing one's likelihood of mistaken assent

7. **Error-Correction (378)** - Fixing mistaken judgments as soon as they occur

8. **Vigilance-Recognition (380)** - Seeing vigilance as continuous mental posture

9. **Daily-Mastery (398)** - Mastery of daily practice routines

10. **Practice-Completion (400)** - Ending day's exercises with internal fulfillment

**Pedagogical Note:** This tier is *how you actually practice*. It must be implemented, not just understood. Based on Sterling's theory (Excerpt 7), operationalized into daily discipline.

---

### **TIER 10: METAPHYSICS, REALITY, AND FINAL STRUCTURES (401-471)**

**Purpose:** Ground the entire system in its metaphysical commitments and show the final architecture of the sage.

**Key Function:** This tier provides the ontological foundation: substance dualism, libertarian freedom, moral realism, correspondence theory, ethical intuitionism, and foundationalism (Sterling's six commitments). It also describes the completed state—the sage—and the achievement of telos. Without Tier 10, Stoicism lacks philosophical grounding.

**Critical Terms:**

**Sterling's Six Commitments:**

1. **Substance-Dualism (401)** - Mind and body are fundamentally different substances

2. **Mind-Body-Distinction (402)** - Sharp ontological division between immaterial ruling faculty and material organism

3. **Libertarian-Freedom (435)** - Agents are uncaused causes of their own choices

4. **Contra-Causal-Freedom (436)** - Freedom to act against all prior causes

5. **Moral-Realism (447)** - Moral propositions are objectively true or false

6. **Moral-Intuition (448)** - Direct apprehension of moral truth without inference

7. **Ethical-Intuitionism (449)** - Moral truths known through direct rational insight

8. **Foundationalism (450)** - Knowledge rests on self-evident foundational truths

9. **Truth-Correspondence (455)** - Truth consists in agreement of judgment with reality

**Final Architecture:**

10. **World-Self-Division (458)** - Final and absolute boundary between internal and external domains

11. **Sage-Structure (468)** - Total internal configuration of the Sage

12. **Prohairesis-Perfection (470)** - Ruling faculty operating with complete rational consistency

13. **Telos-Achievement (471)** - Complete realization of human purpose: virtue lived perfectly

**Pedagogical Note:** This tier is both foundation and culmination. It explains *why* the system works and *what* complete virtue looks like.

5. GREEK-ENGLISH CONCORDANCE (REVISED)

5. GREEK-ENGLISH CONCORDANCE (REVISED)

**Complete Index of Greek Technical Terms with English Equivalents**

### **PURPOSE**

This concordance serves multiple functions:

1. **Scholarly Reference** - Locate Greek philosophical vocabulary within the system

2. **Translation Aid** - See how the system renders classical terms

3. **Comparative Study** - Compare the system's usage to ancient Stoic sources

4. **Etymological Research** - Trace terms back to Greek roots

**Organization:** Alphabetical by Greek term, with:

- Transliteration

- Greek script

- PIE etymology

- Term number(s) where it appears

- English translation(s) used

- Classical Stoic usage notes

---

### **Α (Alpha)**

#### **Adiaphoria (ἀδιαφορία)**

**Etymology:** ἀ- "not" + διά "through" + φέρω "to carry" ← PIE *bʰer-  

**Term:** 52 (External-Indifference)  

**English:** indifference  

**Classical Usage:** Central Stoic technical term for things neither good nor evil; externals. The system maintains traditional usage but emphasizes strict value-neutrality.

#### **Agathon (ἀγαθόν)**

**Etymology:** ἀγαθός "good" ← PIE *h₂geh₂- "to gather" (or pre-Greek)  

**Term:** 27 (Internal-Good)  

**English:** good  

**Classical Usage:** Stoics restricted "good" to virtue alone; the system follows this rigorously.

#### **Aitia (αἰτία)**

**Etymology:** αἴτιος "responsible" ← PIE *h₂ey-t-  

**Term:** 407 (External-Causation), 422 (Internal-Causation), 438 (Moral-Causation)  

**English:** cause, causation  

**Classical Usage:** Stoics distinguished external (physical) from internal (mental) causation. The system develops this distinction through substance dualism.

#### **Akatharsia (ἀκαθαρσία)**

**Etymology:** ἀ- "not" + καθαρός "pure" ← PIE *keh₂dʰ-  

**Term:** Related to 99 (Cognitive-Purity), 399 (Training-Purity)  

**English:** impurity  

**Classical Usage:** Moral contamination; the system uses this for cognitive corruption by externals.

#### **Akrasia (ἀκρασία)**

**Etymology:** ἀ- "not" + κράτος "power" ← PIE *kret-  

**Term:** Implicitly addressed in 18 (Self-Consistency), 17 (Self-Command)  

**English:** weakness of will  

**Classical Usage:** Stoics denied akrasia is possible if one truly knows the good. The system resolves this through homologia.

#### **Alētheia (ἀλήθεια)**

**Etymology:** ἀ- "not" + λήθω "to escape notice" ← PIE *leh₂dʰ-  

**Term:** 444 (Truth-Recognition), 445 (Truth-Independence), 446 (Moral-Truth), 455 (Truth-Correspondence), 466 (Final-Truth)  

**English:** truth  

**Classical Usage:** Stoics held truth = correspondence to reality. The system explicitly endorses correspondence theory as Sterling's commitment #5.

#### **Anagnōrisis (ἀναγνώρισις)**

**Etymology:** ἀνά "up" + γνωρίζω "to make known" ← PIE *ǵneh₃-  

**Term:** Appears in 61 (Appearance-Recognition), 351 (Discipline-Recognition), 359 (Training-Recognition), 366 (Examination-Recognition), 380 (Vigilance-Recognition), 384 (Readiness-Recognition), 416 (Self-Recognition), 430 (Freedom-Recognition), 444 (Truth-Recognition)  

**English:** recognition  

**Classical Usage:** Not specifically Stoic; the system uses this for identifying the nature of mental operations.

#### **Anamnēsis (ἀνάμνησις)**

**Etymology:** ἀνά "up, back" + μιμνῄσκω "to remember" ← PIE *men-  

**Term:** 11 (Reflection)  

**English:** reflection, recollection  

**Classical Usage:** Platonic term for recollection of Forms; the system uses this for retrospective examination of judgments, not metaphysical recollection.

#### **Anaskopēsis (ἀνασκόπησις)**

**Etymology:** ἀνά "up" + σκοπέω "to look" ← PIE *speḱ-  

**Term:** 372 (Evening-Review)  

**English:** review  

**Classical Usage:** Not specifically Stoic; the system uses this for evening examination practice.

#### **Apatheia (ἀπάθεια)**

**Etymology:** ἀ- "not" + πάθος "passion" ← PIE *peh₂-  

**Term:** Not a separate term in the lexicon (concept distributed across Tier 4 and emotional regulation terms)  

**English:** freedom from passion  

**Classical Usage:** Central Stoic ideal: the sage has no pathē (irrational emotions), only eupatheiai (good feelings). The system explains how apatheia results from correct assent.

#### **Aprosbēsia (ἀπροσβλησία)**

**Etymology:** ἀ- "not" + πρός "toward" + βάλλω "to throw" ← PIE *gʷelh₁-  

**Term:** 441 (Freedom-Invulnerability), 469 (Sage-Invulnerability)  

**English:** invulnerability  

**Classical Usage:** Stoic term for the sage's immunity to harm. The system grounds this in metaphysics: nothing external can harm prohairesis.

#### **Aretē (ἀρετή)**

**Etymology:** Possibly ← ἀρ- (root meaning "fit together") or from ἀρέσκω "to please"  

**Term:** Concept underlying all of Tier 8 (Virtue Structure, 301-350)  

**English:** virtue, excellence  

**Classical Usage:** The sole good for Stoics. The system maintains this but grounds it in moral realism.

#### **Arkheion (ἀρχεῖον)**

**Etymology:** ἀρχή "beginning, rule" ← PIE *h₂erǵ-  

**Term:** Related to 456 (Moral-Architecture)  

**English:** archive, principle  

**Classical Usage:** Not standard Stoic; the system uses this for systematic structure.

#### **Askēsis (ἄσκησις)**

**Etymology:** ἀσκέω "to exercise" ← PIE *h₂es-k-  

**Term:** 359-365 (Training-Recognition through Training-Endurance), related to all of Tier 9  

**English:** training, exercise, practice  

**Classical Usage:** Critical Stoic term for disciplined practice. The system emphasizes systematic training as essential for virtue development.

#### **Autarkeia (αὐτάρκεια)**

**Etymology:** αὐτός "self" + ἀρκέω "to suffice" ← PIE *h₂erk-  

**Term:** 37 (Self-Sufficiency), 419 (Self-Sufficiency of Self), 433 (Choice-Sufficiency), 452 (Reason-Sufficiency)  

**English:** self-sufficiency  

**Classical Usage:** Core Stoic principle: the sage needs nothing external. The system grounds this metaphysically in substance dualism.

#### **Autokrateia (αὐτοκράτεια)**

**Etymology:** αὐτός "self" + κράτος "power" ← PIE *kret-  

**Term:** 17 (Self-Command)  

**English:** self-command, self-mastery  

**Classical Usage:** Stoic term for rational control over impulses. The system emphasizes this as expression of internal sovereignty.

---

### **Β (Beta)**

#### **Boulēsis (βούλησις)**

**Etymology:** βούλομαι "to will, wish" ← PIE *gʷelh₁-  

**Term:** 14 (Will / Rational-Wish)  

**English:** will, rational wish  

**Classical Usage:** One of three eupatheiai (good feelings); rational desire for the good. The system distinguishes this from mere wanting.

#### **Bouleusis (βούλευσις)**

**Etymology:** βούλομαι "to will, deliberate" ← PIE *gʷelh₁-  

**Term:** 12 (Deliberation)  

**English:** deliberation  

**Classical Usage:** The process of weighing courses of action. The system sees this as reason's evaluation before assent.

---

### **Γ (Gamma)**

#### **Gnōsis (γνῶσις)**

**Etymology:** γιγνώσκω "to know" ← PIE *ǵneh₃-  

**Term:** Underlying 8 (Reason/Logos), 416 (Self-Recognition), epistemic terms throughout  

**English:** knowledge  

**Classical Usage:** Stoics distinguished knowledge (secure grasp) from mere opinion. The system's foundationalism and intuitionism explain how we achieve gnōsis.

#### **Gnōstikos (γνωστικός)**

**Etymology:** γιγνώσκω ← PIE *ǵneh₃-  

**Term:** 72 (Cognitive-Suspension), 95 (Cognitive-Guard), 99 (Cognitive-Purity)  

**English:** cognitive  

**Classical Usage:** Not ancient term; the system uses this for mental/epistemic operations.

---

### **Δ (Delta)**

#### **Diairesis (διαίρεσις)**

**Etymology:** διά "apart" + αἱρέω "to take" ← PIE *ser-  

**Term:** 70 (Description-vs-Judgment-Division), 458 (World-Self-Division)  

**English:** division, separation  

**Classical Usage:** General philosophical term for making distinctions. The system uses this for fundamental metaphysical divisions.

#### **Diaisthēsis (διαίσθησις)**

**Etymology:** διά "through" + αἴσθησις "perception" ← PIE *h₂ewis-dʰh₁-  

**Term:** 448 (Moral-Intuition), 449 (Ethical-Intuitionism)  

**English:** intuition, perception  

**Classical Usage:** Not specifically Stoic; the system uses this for direct rational apprehension of moral truth (Sterling's commitment #3).

#### **Diakrisis (διάκρισις)**

**Etymology:** διά "through" + κρίνω "to judge" ← PIE *krey-  

**Term:** 16 (Discernment), 402 (Mind-Body-Distinction)  

**English:** discernment, distinction  

**Classical Usage:** Stoic emphasis on distinguishing what's up to us. The system makes this the foundational skill.

#### **Diorthōsis (διόρθωσις)**

**Etymology:** διά "through" + ὀρθόω "to straighten" ← PIE *h₃er-dʰ-  

**Term:** 357 (Discipline-Correction), 378 (Error-Correction)  

**English:** correction  

**Classical Usage:** Stoic practice of correcting false judgments. The system systematizes this in daily practice.

#### **Dokimasia (δοκιμασία)**

**Etymology:** δοκιμάζω "to test" ← PIE *deḱ-  

**Term:** 68 (Internal-External-Test), 82 (Position-Testing)  

**English:** test, examination  

**Classical Usage:** Testing impressions before assent. Central to Stoic epistemology; the system makes this explicit and methodical.

#### **Domē (δομή)**

**Etymology:** δέμω "to build" ← PIE *dem-  

**Term:** 403 (Reality-Structure), 426 (Internal-Structure), 468 (Sage-Structure)  

**English:** structure  

**Classical Usage:** Not specifically Stoic; the system uses this for systematic architecture.

---

### **Ε (Epsilon)**

#### **Ekklisis (ἔκκλισις)**

**Etymology:** ἐκ "out" + κλίνω "to lean" ← PIE *ḱley-  

**Term:** 5 (Aversion)  

**English:** aversion  

**Classical Usage:** One of four basic movements of soul; rational avoidance of evil. Stoics restrict this to internals only; the system maintains this restriction.

#### **Elegkhos (ἔλεγχος)**

**Etymology:** ἐλέγχω "to test, refute" ← PIE *lenǵʰ-  

**Term:** 69 (Reality-Check), 75 (Counter-Image-Check), 85 (Counterexample-Check)  

**English:** test, check, examination  

**Classical Usage:** Socratic cross-examination. The system uses this for testing impressions against reality.

#### **Eleutheria (ἐλευθερία)**

**Etymology:** ἐλεύθερος "free" ← PIE *h₁lewdʰ-  

**Term:** 20 (Internal-Freedom), 430 (Freedom-Recognition), 431 (Choice-Freedom), 435 (Libertarian-Freedom), 436 (Contra-Causal-Freedom), 441 (Freedom-Invulnerability), 442 (Freedom-Completion), 464 (Final-Freedom)  

**English:** freedom, liberty  

**Classical Usage:** Stoics held only the sage is free because only internal sovereignty is real freedom. The system grounds this in libertarian metaphysics (Sterling's commitment #2).

#### **Endoteros (ἐνδότερος)**

**Etymology:** ἔνδον "within" ← PIE *h₁én-  

**Term:** 20 (Internal-Freedom - ἐλευθερία ἐνδοτέρα)  

**English:** internal, inner  

**Classical Usage:** Not ancient term; the system emphasizes internality.

#### **Energeia (ἐνέργεια)**

**Etymology:** ἐν "in" + ἔργον "work" ← PIE *werǵ-  

**Term:** 25 (Internal-Action)  

**English:** activity, operation, action  

**Classical Usage:** Aristotelian term adopted by Stoics for actualized activity. The system uses this for prohairetic operations.

#### **Epagōgē (ἐπαγωγή)**

**Etymology:** ἐπί "upon" + ἄγω "to lead" ← PIE *h₂eǵ-  

**Term:** Not a separate term but concept present in examination process  

**English:** induction  

**Classical Usage:** Not specifically Stoic; the system is more deductive from self-evident principles.

#### **Epochē (ἐποχή)**

**Etymology:** ἐπέχω "to hold back" ← ἐπί "upon" + ἔχω "to hold" ← PIE *seǵʰ-  

**Term:** 72 (Cognitive-Suspension)  

**English:** suspension (of judgment)  

**Classical Usage:** Skeptic term for withholding assent. Stoics use conditionally: suspend when evidence insufficient. The system systematizes this.

#### **Esōterikos (ἐσωτερικός)**

**Etymology:** ἔσω "within" ← PIE *h₁én-  

**Term:** Throughout Tier 2: 21 (Internal-Domain), 23 (Sphere-of-Internals), 25 (Internal-Action), 27 (Internal-Good), etc.  

**English:** internal, inner  

**Classical Usage:** Not ancient technical term; the system uses this systematically for all operations of prohairesis.

#### **Ēthos (ἦθος)**

**Etymology:** PIE *swedʰ- "custom, habit"  

**Term:** Underlying all of Tier 7 (Character Formation, 251-300)  

**English:** character  

**Classical Usage:** Aristotle and Stoics: character formed by habituation. The system: character = accumulated pattern of assents.

#### **Eudaimonia (εὐδαιμονία)**

**Etymology:** εὖ "well, good" + δαίμων "spirit, fortune"  

**Term:** Not a separate term but concept = 471 (Telos-Achievement)  

**English:** happiness, flourishing  

**Classical Usage:** The ultimate good. Stoics: eudaimonia = virtue. The system maintains this identity.

#### **Eupatheia (εὐπάθεια)**

**Etymology:** εὖ "good" + πάθος "feeling" ← PIE *peh₂-  

**Term:** Distributed across Tier 4 (good emotions resulting from correct assent)  

**English:** good feeling  

**Classical Usage:** Three eupatheiai: boulēsis (rational wish), chara (joy), eulabeia (caution). Replace pathē in sage. The system explains these as products of correct judgment.

#### **Euthusis (εὐθυσις) / Euthunē (εὐθύνη)**

**Etymology:** εὐθύνω "to guide straight" ← εὐθύς "straight" ← PIE *h₁weydʰ-  

**Term:** 47 (Internal-Responsibility), 434 (Choice-Responsibility)  

**English:** responsibility, accountability  

**Classical Usage:** Not specifically Stoic; the system uses this for moral accountability grounded in libertarian freedom.

#### **Exetasis (ἐξέτασις)**

**Etymology:** ἐξ "out" + ἐτάζω "to test" ← PIE *set-  

**Term:** 366-370 (Examination-Recognition through Examination-Continuity)  

**English:** examination, inquiry  

**Classical Usage:** Socratic/Stoic examination of life and judgments. The system systematizes this as daily discipline.

#### **Exōterikos (ἐξωτερικός)**

**Etymology:** ἔξω "outside" ← PIE *h₁eǵʰs  

**Term:** Throughout Tier 2: 22 (External-Domain), 24 (Sphere-of-Externals), 26 (External-Event), 28 (External-Indifferent), etc.  

**English:** external, outer  

**Classical Usage:** Not ancient technical term; the system uses this systematically for everything outside prohairesis.

---

### **Ζ (Zeta)**

#### **Zētēsis (ζήτησις)**

**Etymology:** ζητέω "to seek" ← PIE *dyeh₂-  

**Term:** Related to 84 (Disconfirmation-Search)  

**English:** search, inquiry  

**Classical Usage:** Philosophical inquiry. The system uses this for active testing of beliefs.

---

### **Η (Eta)**

#### **Hēgemonikon (ἡγεμονικόν)**

**Etymology:** ἡγεμών "leader" ← ἡγέομαι "to lead" ← PIE *sāg-  

**Term:** Not a separate term but concept = 7 (Prohairesis), 416 (Self-Recognition)  

**English:** ruling faculty, commanding faculty  

**Classical Usage:** Central Stoic term for the rational, governing part of the soul. The system: hēgemonikon = prohairesis = the self.

#### **Hēthikos (ἠθικός)**

**Etymology:** ἦθος "character" ← PIE *swedʰ-  

**Term:** 437 (Moral-Agency), 438 (Moral-Causation), 446 (Moral-Truth), 447 (Moral-Realism), 448 (Moral-Intuition), 449 (Ethical-Intuitionism), 456 (Moral-Architecture)  

**English:** moral, ethical  

**Classical Usage:** Pertaining to character and morals. The system uses this extensively for moral philosophy framework.

#### **Homologia (ὁμολογία)**

**Etymology:** ὁμός "same" + λόγος "reason" ← PIE *sem- + *leǵ-  

**Term:** 18 (Self-Consistency)  

**English:** agreement, consistency  

**Classical Usage:** Core Stoic principle: living in agreement with oneself and nature. The system emphasizes internal logical consistency as foundation of virtue.

#### **Horisis (ὁρισις) / Horos (ὅρος)**

**Etymology:** ὁρίζω "to bound" ← ὅρος "boundary" ← PIE *h₃er-  

**Term:** 45 (Internal-Limit), 46 (External-Limit), 408 (External-Limit), 420 (Self-Boundary), 440 (Causal-Boundary)  

**English:** boundary, limit, definition  

**Classical Usage:** Stoics emphasized precise definitions. The system uses this for fundamental boundaries (especially internal-external).

#### **Hormē (ὁρμή)**

**Etymology:** ὄρνυμι "to set in motion" ← PIE *h₃er-  

**Term:** 3 (Impulse)  

**English:** impulse  

**Classical Usage:** Central Stoic term: the inward movement toward action following assent. The system: impulse is the psychological link between judgment and action.

---

### **Θ (Theta)**

#### **Theōrēsis (θεώρησις)**

**Etymology:** θεωρέω "to observe" ← θεά "viewing" + ὁράω "to see" ← PIE *wer-  

**Term:** 9 (Observation - κατανόησις used instead), 63 (Neutral-Observation)  

**English:** observation, contemplation  

**Classical Usage:** Philosophical observation. The system uses this for pre-judgmental awareness.

---

### **Ι (Iota)**

#### **Ischus (ἰσχύς)**

**Etymology:** ἰσχύω "to be strong" ← PIE *seǵʰ-  

**Term:** 39 (Internal-Strength)  

**English:** strength, force  

**Classical Usage:** Not specifically Stoic; the system uses this for stability from correct judgment.

---

### **Κ (Kappa)**

#### **Kakon (κακόν)**

**Etymology:** Etymology uncertain; possibly pre-Greek  

**Term:** 29 (Internal-Evil)  

**English:** evil, bad  

**Classical Usage:** Stoics: only vice is evil. The system maintains this restriction rigorously.

#### **Katanoēsis (κατανόησις)**

**Etymology:** κατά "down" + νοέω "to perceive" ← PIE *ǵneh₃-  

**Term:** 9 (Observation)  

**English:** observation, comprehension  

**Classical Usage:** Not standard Stoic; the system uses this for noticing impressions before judging.

#### **Katharsis (κάθαρσις)**

**Etymology:** καθαρός "pure" ← PIE *keh₂dʰ-  

**Term:** 356 (Discipline-Purification)  

**English:** purification, cleansing  

**Classical Usage:** Aristotelian dramatic term; Stoics use for moral purification. The system: removing external motives from practice.

#### **Katorthōma (κατόρθωμα)**

**Etymology:** κατά "according to" + ὀρθός "straight" ← PIE *h₃er-dʰ-  

**Term:** 471 (Telos-Achievement - κατόρθωσις τέλους)  

**English:** right action, perfect action, success  

**Classical Usage:** Stoic term for perfectly virtuous action (vs. kathēkon = appropriate action). The system: only the sage performs katorthōmata consistently.

#### **Kosmos (κόσμος)**

**Etymology:** Etymology uncertain  

**Term:** 414 (World-Continuity), 415 (World-Indifference), 458-460 (World-Self terms)  

**English:** world, order, cosmos  

**Classical Usage:** Stoics: the cosmos is rational and providential. Sterling decoupled ethics from cosmic physics but the system retains world as field of externals.

#### **Kratos (κράτος)**

**Etymology:** PIE *kret- "power"  

**Term:** 17 (Self-Command - αὐτοκράτεια)  

**English:** power, rule, strength  

**Classical Usage:** Power or mastery. The system: self-command is internal sovereignty.

#### **Krisis (κρίσις)**

**Etymology:** κρίνω "to separate, judge" ← PIE *krey-  

**Term:** 6 (Judgment)  

**English:** judgment, decision  

**Classical Usage:** The ruling faculty's evaluation. The system: judgment is the central moral operation determining all subsequent states.

#### **Kuriarchēa / Kuriotēs (κυριότης)**

**Etymology:** κύριος "lord" ← PIE *kewh₂-  

**Term:** 41 (Internal-Ownership), 94 (Impression-Mastery), 423 (Internal-Sovereignty)  

**English:** lordship, mastery, sovereignty, ownership  

**Classical Usage:** Authority and control. The system: prohairesis has absolute sovereignty over itself.

---

### **Λ (Lambda)**

#### **Logos (λόγος)**

**Etymology:** λέγω "to speak, gather" ← PIE *leǵ-  

**Term:** 8 (Reason), 18 (Self-Consistency - ὁμολογία), 451-457 (Reason-Authority through Reason-Completion)  

**English:** reason, word, ratio, principle  

**Classical Usage:** Multivalent Stoic term: universal reason, human rationality, rational principle. The system: logos is the normative standard for all judgment.

#### **Logikos (λογικός)**

**Etymology:** λόγος ← PIE *leǵ-  

**Term:** 71 (Rational-Pause), 80 (Rational-Refinement), 90 (Rational-Conclusion)  

**English:** rational, reasonable  

**Classical Usage:** According to reason. The system uses this for operations conforming to logos.

---

### **Μ (Mu)**

#### **Monimotēs (μονιμότης)**

**Etymology:** μόνιμος "stable" ← μένω "to remain" ← PIE *men-  

**Term:** 454 (Reason-Constancy)  

**English:** permanence, constancy  

**Classical Usage:** Not specifically Stoic; the system uses this for unchanging rational standard.

---

### **Ν (Nu)**

#### **Noētikos (νοητικός)**

**Etymology:** νοέω "to think" ← νοῦς "mind" ← PIE *ǵneh₃-  

**Term:** 98 (Mental-Simplicity)  

**English:** mental, intellectual  

**Classical Usage:** Pertaining to mind/thought. The system uses this for operations of ruling faculty.

#### **Nous (νοῦς)**

**Etymology:** PIE *ǵneh₃- "to know"  

**Term:** Not a separate term but concept underlying 8 (Logos/Reason)  

**English:** mind, intellect, reason  

**Classical Usage:** The rational faculty. Stoics sometimes used interchangeably with logos. The system: the capacity for rational insight (related to intuitionism).

---

### **Ο (Omicron)**

#### **Oikeiōsis (οἰκείωσις)**

**Etymology:** οἰκεῖος "belonging to the house" ← οἶκος "house"  

**Term:** Not explicitly present as separate term  

**English:** appropriation, familiarization  

**Classical Usage:** Stoic developmental theory: natural affinity expanding from self to cosmos. The system: handled implicitly through internal-external framework; social extension covered by existing terms.

#### **Orexis (ὄρεξις)**

**Etymology:** ὀρέγω "to reach out" ← PIE *h₃reǵ-  

**Term:** 4 (Desire)  

**English:** desire, appetite  

**Classical Usage:** Rational striving toward the good. Stoics restrict to internals. The system maintains this restriction strictly.

#### **Orthos (ὀρθός)**

**Etymology:** PIE *h₃er-dʰ- "straight"  

**Term:** 91 (Correct-Assent - ὀρθὴ συγκατάθεσις), 471 (Telos-Achievement - κατόρθωσις)  

**English:** straight, correct, right  

**Classical Usage:** Correctness, especially moral/rational correctness. The system: assent is "straight" when aligned with reality and internals.

#### **Ousia (οὐσία)**

**Etymology:** οὖσα (feminine participle of εἰμί "to be") ← PIE *h₁es-  

**Term:** 401 (Substance-Dualism - διπλασιασμὸς οὐσίας)  

**English:** substance, essence, being  

**Classical Usage:** Aristotelian metaphysical term. Stoics materialist about ousia. Sterling adopted substance dualism (commitment #1), breaking with Stoic materialism.

---

### **Π (Pi)**

#### **Pathē (πάθη) / Pathos (πάθος)**

**Etymology:** πάσχω "to suffer, experience" ← PIE *peh₂-  

**Term:** Distributed across Tier 4 (passions/irrational emotions)  

**English:** passion, emotion, suffering  

**Classical Usage:** Four primary pathē: fear, desire, pleasure, distress. Result from false value judgments. The system: all pathē arise from assent to external-value claims.

#### **Peitharchēa (πειθαρχία)**

**Etymology:** πείθομαι "to obey" + ἀρχή "rule" ← PIE *bʰeydʰ- + *h₂erǵ-  

**Term:** 351-358 (Discipline-Recognition through Discipline-Reorientation), 388-390 (Discipline-Posture through Discipline-Renewal)  

**English:** discipline, obedience  

**Classical Usage:** Obedience to authority. The system: self-discipline as acceptance of rational constraints.

#### **Phantasia (φαντασία)**

**Etymology:** φαίνω "to show, appear" ← PIE *bʰeh₂-  

**Term:** 1 (Impression), 30 (External-Illusion), 32 (Extrinsic-Appearance), 100 (Impression-Completion)  

**English:** impression, appearance, presentation  

**Classical Usage:** Central Stoic epistemological term: the propositional appearance presented to mind. The system: origin-point of all cognition.

#### **Praktikē (πρακτική)**

**Etymology:** πρακτικός "practical" ← πράσσω "to do" ← PIE *preh₂ǵ-  

**Term:** 395-397 (Practice-Security through Practice-Vigor), 400 (Practice-Completion)  

**English:** practice  

**Classical Usage:** Practical action. The system: daily implementation of theory.

#### **Pragmatikotēs (πραγματικότης)**

**Etymology:** πρᾶγμα "thing, deed" ← πράσσω ← PIE *preh₂ǵ-  

**Term:** 403 (Reality-Structure), 413 (Reality-Transparency), 414 (Reality-Sufficiency)  

**English:** reality  

**Classical Usage:** Not ancient term; the system uses this for objective reality independent of judgment.

#### **Prohairesis (προαίρεσις)**

**Etymology:** πρό "before" + αἱρέω "to choose" ← PIE *ser-  

**Term:** 7 (Choice/Moral-Faculty), 15 (Moral-Aim - σκοπὸς προαιρετικός), 19 (Moral-Identity - ταυτότης προαιρετική), 431-434 (Choice-Freedom through Choice-Responsibility), 470 (Prohairesis-Perfection)  

**English:** choice, moral faculty, will  

**Classical Usage:** Epictetus's signature term for the faculty of choice/assent. The system: prohairesis IS the self; absolutely sovereign and inviolable.

#### **Prosochē (προσοχή)**

**Etymology:** πρός "toward" + ἔχω "to hold" ← PIE *seǵʰ-  

**Term:** 10 (Attention)  

**English:** attention, vigilance  

**Classical Usage:** Epictetan term for continuous mindfulness of impressions. The system: essential protective discipline.

#### **Protasis (πρότασις)**

**Etymology:** προτείνω "to propose" ← πρό "before" + τείνω "to stretch" ← PIE *ten-  

**Term:** 65 (Proposition-Identification), 81 (Proposition-Clarification)  

**English:** proposition  

**Classical Usage:** Logical proposition. The system: the explicit claim embedded in impression.

#### **Psuchē (ψυχή)**

**Etymology:** ψύχω "to breathe" ← PIE *bʰes-  

**Term:** 402 (Mind-Body-Distinction - διάκρισις ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος)  

**English:** soul, mind  

**Classical Usage:** The soul. Stoics: material but rational. Sterling's system: immaterial (substance dualism).

---

### **Ρ (Rho)**

#### **Realismus (ῥεαλισμός)**

**Etymology:** Modern formation ← Med.Lat. realis ← Lat. res "thing" ← PIE *reh₁-  

**Term:** 446-447 (Moral-Truth and Moral-Realism - ἠθικὸς ῥεαλισμός)  

**English:** realism  

**Classical Usage:** Not ancient; the system uses this for Sterling's commitment #6: moral properties are real.

---

### **Σ (Sigma)**

#### **Saphēneia (σαφήνεια)**

**Etymology:** σαφής "clear" ← PIE *seh₂-  

**Term:** 49 (Domain-Clarity), 81 (Proposition-Clarification - σαφήνισις), 97 (Inner-Clarity), 369 (Examination-Clarity), 463 (Final-Clarity)  

**English:** clarity, distinctness  

**Classical Usage:** Clarity of thought/expression. The system: especially clarity about internal-external boundary.

#### **Skopos (σκοπός)**

**Etymology:** σκοπέω "to look at" ← PIE *speḱ-  

**Term:** 13 (Aim/Intention), 15 (Moral-Aim - σκοπὸς προαιρετικός)  

**English:** aim, target, goal  

**Classical Usage:** Stoic term for the target of action. The system: skopos prohairetikos = keeping prohairesis aligned with reason.

#### **Sophia (σοφία)**

**Etymology:** σοφός "wise" ← PIE *sebʰ- or *seh₂-  

**Term:** Underlying all of Tier 8 (Wisdom as cardinal virtue), 468-469 (Sage-Structure and Sage-Invulnerability)  

**English:** wisdom  

**Classical Usage:** First cardinal virtue; knowledge of good/evil. The sage (sophos) possesses complete wisdom. The system: wisdom = perfect practical reason.

#### **Sophos (σοφός)**

**Etymology:** PIE *sebʰ- or *seh₂- "wise"  

**Term:** 468 (Sage-Structure - δομὴ σοφοῦ), 469 (Sage-Invulnerability - ἀπροσβλησία σοφοῦ)  

**English:** sage, wise person  

**Classical Usage:** The Stoic ideal: one who has achieved perfect virtue. Extremely rare (maybe never existed). The system: structural description of perfected prohairesis.

#### **Sōma (σῶμα)**

**Etymology:** Etymology uncertain  

**Term:** 402 (Mind-Body-Distinction - διάκρισις ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος)  

**English:** body  

**Classical Usage:** The physical body. Stoics: material and morally indifferent. The system: distinct substance from mind.

#### **Statherotēs (σταθερότης)**

**Etymology:** σταθερός "stable" ← ἵστημι "to stand" ← PIE *steh₂-  

**Term:** 43 (Internal-Stability), 353 (Discipline-Stability), 386 (Readiness-Stability), 396 (Practice-Stability)  

**English:** stability  

**Classical Usage:** Not specifically Stoic; the system uses this for unchanging nature of virtue/reason.

#### **Stoichisis (στοίχισις)**

**Etymology:** στοῖχος "row, line" ← PIE *steygʰ-  

**Term:** 50 (Domain-Alignment), 96 (Reality-Alignment), 459 (World-Self-Alignment)  

**English:** alignment  

**Classical Usage:** Not ancient term; the system uses this for bringing judgment into line with reality/internals.

#### **Sunaisthēmatikos (συναισθηματικός)**

**Etymology:** σύν "together" + αἴσθησις "feeling" ← PIE *h₂ewis-dʰh₁-  

**Term:** 76 (Emotional-Layer-Removal - ἀφαίρεσις συναισθηματικοῦ στρώματος)  

**English:** emotional  

**Classical Usage:** Not ancient; the system uses this for affective coloration to be removed from impressions.

#### **Sunecheia (συνέχεια)**

**Etymology:** σύν "together" + ἔχω "to hold" ← PIE *seǵʰ-  

**Term:** 370 (Examination-Continuity), 389 (Discipline-Continuity), 414 (World-Continuity), 425 (Internal-Continuity)  

**English:** continuity  

**Classical Usage:** Stoic cosmological term for cohesion. The system: persistence of practice/character across time.

#### **Sunkatathesis (συγκατάθεσις)**

**Etymology:** σύν "together" + κατά "down" + τίθημι "to place" ← PIE *dʰeh₁-  

**Term:** 2 (Assent), 78 (Assent-Delay), 86-87 (Assent-Readiness and Assent-Withholding), 91-92 (Correct-Assent and Incorrect-Assent), 93 (Assent-Habit)  

**English:** assent  

**Classical Usage:** Central Stoic term: the act of accepting an impression as true. The system: the critical choice-point determining all subsequent moral states.

---

### **Τ (Tau)**

#### **Tautotēs (ταυτότης)**

**Etymology:** τὸ αὐτό "the same" ← PIE *tā-  

**Term:** 19 (Moral-Identity - ταυτότης προαιρετική)  

**English:** sameness, identity  

**Classical Usage:** Not specifically Stoic; the system uses this for personal identity grounded in prohairesis.

#### **Teleiōsis (τελείωσις)**

**Etymology:** τέλειος "perfect" ← τέλος "end" ← PIE *kʷel-  

**Term:** 362 (Training-Completion), 400 (Practice-Completion), 429 (Self-Completion), 442 (Freedom-Completion), 457 (Reason-Completion), 467 (Teleological-Completion)  

**English:** completion, perfection  

**Classical Usage:** Achieving the telos. The system: progressive completion through tiers, culminating in sage-state.

#### **Telos (τέλος)**

**Etymology:** PIE *kʷel- "to turn, complete"  

**Term:** 467 (Teleological-Completion), 471 (Telos-Achievement)  

**English:** end, goal, purpose  

**Classical Usage:** The ultimate end of human life. Stoics: living according to nature = virtue. The system: perfected prohairesis is the telos.

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### **Φ (Phi)**

#### **Phronēsis (φρόνησις)**

**Etymology:** φρονέω "to think" ← φρήν "mind"  

**Term:** Underlying wisdom terms in Tier 8  

**English:** practical wisdom, prudence  

**Classical Usage:** Aristotelian/Stoic cardinal virtue. The system: equates with wisdom as knowledge of good/evil applied in practice.

#### **Phulakē (φυλακή)**

**Etymology:** φυλάσσω "to guard" ← PIE *bʰel-  

**Term:** 51 (Internal-Guardianship), 95 (Cognitive-Guard)  

**English:** guard, protection  

**Classical Usage:** Military metaphor. The system: protecting prohairesis from corruption.

---

### **Χ (Chi)**

#### **Chara (χαρά)**

**Etymology:** χαίρω "to rejoice"  

**Term:** Not separate term but concept in Tier 4 (eupatheia)  

**English:** joy  

**Classical Usage:** One of three eupatheiai; rational joy at genuine good. The system: result of correct judgment about internals.

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### **Ψ (Psi)**

(See **Psuchē** above under Pi)

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### **Ω (Omega)**

(No major terms begin with omega)

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## **COMPARATIVE NOTES**

### **Where the System Follows Classical Stoicism:**

- **Phantasia → Sunkatathesis → Hormē** sequence (1, 2, 3)

- **Internal-External distinction** as fundamental (Tier 2)

- **Examination of impressions** as central practice (Tier 3)

- **Virtue alone is good** (27)

- **Externals are indifferent** (28, 52)

- **Prohairesis as self** (7)

- **Prosochē as discipline** (10)

### **Where the System Departs from Classical Stoicism:**

- **Substance Dualism** (401) - ancient Stoics were materialists

- **Libertarian Free Will** (435-436) - ancient Stoics were determinists (with qualifications)

- **Decoupling from physics** - no cosmic pneuma, conflagration, or providence (Sterling's innovation)

- **Foundationalism** (450) - ancient Stoics were more empiricist

- **Ethical Intuitionism** (448-449) - explicit epistemological commitment

- **Correspondence Theory** (455) - more explicit than ancient sources

### **The System's Distinctive Greek Usage:**

- **Prohairesis** - elevated to central term (Epictetus's innovation, systematized in this lexicon)

- **Internal/External** (ἐσωτερικός/ἐξωτερικός) - not ancient technical terms but foundational to the system

- **Compound formations** - many modern compounds not in ancient sources

- **Systematic organization** - classical sources less systematically organized than this lexicon